Nikko Vanda Limantara's page

Let me try to answer. In our body, there is a pair of glands located above the kidney called adrenal glands. Adrenal glands consist of two main parts. The first one is called the adrenal cortex, while the second one is called the medulla. Cortisol is one type of hormones produced by the adrenal cortex while Epinephrine is a hormone produced by adrenal medula. Cortisol, as well as other adrenal cortex hormones, is primarily regulated by what we know as HPA axis (Hipothalamus-Pituitary-Adrenal axis). Hipothalamus produces hormone called CRH (Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone) which then affect Pituitary to release ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic releasing hormone). ACTH would eventually affect the adrenal cortex. Some of which is increasing the cortisol production by adrenal cortex. Cortisol is known as “stress hormone” in which its level would increase during stress condition. Cortisol itself has several effects in our body. Those are increasing blood pressure (by upregulating beta-1...

If there isn’t adrenaline produced in our body then our flight and fight responses to a threatening situation would just be ineffective. adrenaline is a hormone produced by adrenal glands over stimulation of symphatic nerve activities. The stimulation comes from a condition that our body senses as threatening, such as running from a lion. This hormone is really important to support our body during this condition. I’ll give you a simple example (remember this is only one of adrenaline function). Let’s imagine, when you have to run from a lion, your leg muscles must do a really hard work. The leg muscles of course need oxygen to build enough energy. The oxygen is transported within blood and delivered to all body parts with the help of the heart as a pumping machine. With adrenaline, the heart will pump faster provided oxygen supply to leg muscles. As the result, you can run from a lion. Without adrenaline, the pumping of heart would be ineffective for providing oxygen in l...

As long as I know the minimum time needed by the patient to fast is 8 hours before the surgery (for solid food). Why? It is because of the anesthesia. Anesthesia is given to alleviate pain during surgery so that surgery can be performed well without “torturing” the patients. There are 2 types of anesthesia that can be done. They are general anesthesia and non-generalized anesthesia. There are several drugs needed for general anesthesia e.g midazolam (benzodiazepine group- anti anxiety and co-induction drug), fentanyl (opioid group served as pain killer and co-induction drug), propofol (induction drug-induced unconsciousness), and rocuronium bromide (muscle relaxant). Other inhalant drugs are needed to maintain the unconsciousness level. As it is mentioned above, muscle relaxant such as roccuronium bromide is used during general anesthesia. This drug has a property to paralyze diaphragma muscle (muscle used for breathing) and Lower esophageal sphincter muscle (muscle located in t...

Depends on what the case of the fever. If the fever is caused by infections either viral or bacterial you can take paracetamol to lower it down. This is because certain chemical called inflammatory mediator (produced by body as a response to an infection) will increase the set core temperature (in the brain), thus body will think that the normal temperature as cold and body will increase the heat through certain mechanism that will make fever. If the fever is caused by other problems: for example thyroid problem (known as thyroid storm) and other problem that is not related with an increasing set core temperature in the brain, the treatment would be cooling blanket + treatment related to the underlying problem. But you can just take paracetamol (or other branded name drugs which contains paracetamol or acetaminophen) 500 mg 3 times a day. Make sure you are not allergic to it and you don’t have any liver problem.